Animal, Vegetable, Junk: A History of Food, from Sustainable to Suicidal

Mark Bittman traces the history of food from early human societies to modern industrial agriculture, showing how the shift from diverse hunter-gatherer diets to grain-based farming fundamentally reshaped societies. Agriculture enabled surpluses and population growth but also produced inequality, elites, and systems of labor exploitation, while monotonous diets, disease, and environmental degradation became widespread consequences.  Early societies were often cooperative and relatively egalitarian, but the accumulation of surplus created hierarchies and ruling classes, tying control of land and food directly to political power and social stratification.  

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Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature

Zappos, an online shoe retailer, equates its success to its corporate culture. They adopted a system of corporate governance called “holocracy.” Since adopting Holacracy in 2014, they evolved in using self-organization to find ways to layer their culture, core values, and people’s focus into the system in a way that works for them[1]. Holacracy is a system of corporate governance whereby members of a team or business form distinct, autonomous, yet symbiotic, teams to accomplish tasks and company goals. The corporate hierarchy concept is discarded in favor of a fluid organizational structure where employees can make critical decisions within their area of authority.[2] Zappos has seen some of its easiest wins with newly formed circles. “New areas of work that didn’t exist in the traditional approach keep getting spun up and started. [These teams are] figuring out what work needs to be done, and starting to execute on that work.” In other words, they’re living and breathing Holacracy from the get-go.[3]

Halocracy is inspired by one of nature’s defining features: self-organization. One of the species that exhibit this is ants. Give a colony of garden ants a week and a pile of dirt, and they’ll transform it into an underground edifice about the height of a skyscraper in an ant-scaled city. Without a blueprint or a leader, thousands of insects moving specks of dirt create a complex, spongelike structure with parallel levels connected by a network of tunnels.[4] Janine Benyus, in her book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (2002), described three more of nature’s tricks of the trade: 

  1. Nature manufactures under life-friendly conditions
  2. Nature has an ordered hierarchical structure, and 
  3. Nature customizes materials through the use of templates.
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